Management systems in Marks and Spencers.

Management systems in Marks and Spencers. Systems For Management2.0 IntroductionThe organisation I have chosen to base my assignment on is Marks Spencer plc. Marks Spencer plc is a very large retailer of food and clothes, so I have decided to base this report on one particular branch that is based in Birmingham.Marks Spencer is one of the UK's leading retailers of clothes, food, home products and financial services. 10 million people shop with them each week in over 375 stores. In addition they have 155 stores managed under franchise in 28 territories mostly in Europe, the Middle East, Asia and the Far East, stores in the Republic of Ireland, nine wholly owned stores in Hong Kong and they own the US supermarket group, Kings Super Markets.The company values of quality, value, service, innovation and trust are not new - they are the principles on which the business was founded.English: Marks and Spencer store, Birmingham High ...Marks Spencer was first found in 1884, this was when Michael Marks formed a partnership with To m Spencer. In 1908 Michael and Tom registered the St. Michael trademark. Since 1908 the partners opened many stores in England and other countries.As one of the UK's leading retailers, Marks Spencer have annual sales in excess of $8 billion. The company employ's more than 60,000 people worldwide, operate more than 400 stores in 28 countries, and serve tens of millions of customers every week.The company's customers are people of middle to upper class. Regular customers at Marks Spencer are pensioners, these people don't mind paying vast amounts of money for their food and clothes.Marks Spencer attracts customers who have well paid jobs and that are of upper class. The company's customers are well off because they have good jobs and like what the company have...

Creating a Digital Scrapbook on Your Computer

Creating a Digital Scrapbook on Your Computer You probably use your computer to conduct a lot of your family history research, so why not use it to display the results? Digital scrapbooking, or computer scrapbooking, is simply scrapbooking with the aid of a computer. Going digital instead of the traditional scrapbook route means less money spent on supplies, and the ability to print out multiple copies of your beautiful scrapbook layouts. You can also display your work in the form of Web galleries to easily share with family and friends. In short, digital scrapbooking is a perfect medium for presenting and displaying your ancestors and their stories. Benefits of Digital Scrapbooking Most people first try digital scrapbooking by using their computer to create design elements they can then print, cut out, and use in their regular scrapbook pages. Computers are great for creating text for page headlines, photo captions, and journaling, for example. Computer clip art can be used to embellish traditional scrapbook pages. Most graphics software programs come with special effects to help you enhance your photos and pages with antique sepia tones, torn or burnt edges, and digital picture frames. When youre ready to go one step further, you can use your computer to create entire scrapbook pages. The page background, text, and other decorations are all arranged and formatted on the computer, and then printed out as a single page. Photographs can still be attached to the computer generated page in the traditional manner. Alternatively, digital photographs can be added to the scrapbook page on your computer, and the complete page, photographs and all, printed as a single unit. What You Need to Get Started If you already own a computer, youll only need a few basic supplies to get started with digital scrapbooking. Equipment/Software needed for Digital Scrapbooking: Digital Imaging Software, such as Jasc Paint Shop Pro or Adobe Photoshop ElementsPhotos in digital format, either scanned into your computer or imported from your cameraPhoto quality printer and photo paper to print out your scrapbook layouts or design elements (alternatively, you can have them printed at your local copy shop) Software for Digital Scrapbooking If youre new to digital photo editing and graphics, then it is often easiest to begin with a good computer scrapbooking program. These programs offer a wide variety of pre-made templates and elements that let you create beautiful scrapbook pages without a lot of graphics knowledge. Some of the most popular digital scrapbook software programs include Nova Scrapbook Factory Deluxe, LumaPix FotoFusion, and Ulead My Scrapbook 2. DIY Digital Scrapbooking For the more digitally creative, any good photo editor or graphics software program will allow you to create beautiful digital scrapbooks. This gives you the real hands-on experience from start to finish, as you can create your own background papers, design elements, etc. You can also use the same program to creatively crop and enhance your photos. Among the best graphics software programs for digital scrapbooking are Photoshop Elements and Paint Shop Pro. For more on using your graphics software to create digital scrapbooks, see Beginners Reference to Digital Scrapbooking.

Law of Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law of Contract - Essay Example The magnitude of the contract was such that notice of termination would be at least three years. The appeal court that decided for the defendant held that there could be no assumption of a contract for an indefinite period. The lower court had observed that in order for the contract to be enforceable, parties intention must be so certain without the court having to write a contract for them. And that in the instant case there had been no certainty as to the continuance of the contract for an indefinite period or a requirement of sufficient notice for termination of contract. It also stated that no implied contract to that effect could be inferred.2 Although the facts and circumstances of the case would appear to make it a deserving case for the plaintiff, they are denied of the relief for want of certainty which could be ascertained only by way of reducing the required terms to a written contract to that effect. This paper examines whether the requirement of certainty has to be much too rigid. Meaning of certainty The fact that the defendant had deliberately avoided making any such written commitment to the plaintiff as averred by the plaintiff themselves shows that they had been aware of uncertainty involved and that they had a forewarning that they should reduce such terms of notice period termination to writing. Their inaction proves to be fatal to the contract’s continuity. Thus, even after compliance with the rules of offer and acceptance and other elements essential for the formation of contract, a contract cannot be enforced by a court if it is marred by ‘vagueness and incompleteness’. In long-term contracts, parties may not be able to set a fixed price because of fluctuation in market conditions. A contract without a fixed price is not necessarily vague or incomplete. Therefore, The Sale of Goods Act 1979 makes a provision in section 8 for price to be agreed after the contract formation.3 As early as in 1932, the issue of vagueness a nd incompleteness was dealt with in Hillas & Co V Arcos Ltd. 4 The court in this case heavily relied on the formality so as to put the agreement strictly business-like unlike in social relationships. In this case, the seller Arcos contracted with the buyer Hillas for supply of Russian timber for one year 1930. The seller also agreed with the buyer for his option to purchase timber of ‘fair specification’ for the next year 1931 also. But the seller could not supply timber to the buyer for the next year as he had fully sold out his timber to another party. When sued by Hillas for breach of contract, it was argued that agreement for supply in 1931 was uncertain and hence void for uncertainty. House of Lords disagreed for the reason that the words ‘fair specification’ were sufficient to lend precision i.e certainty to make a binding contract. Lord Wright explains how certainty in law and flexibility in business could be aligned. He states that most of the busin ess agreements are recorded in crude and summary fashion. The words that appear to the business community as sufficient and precise may appear to others as incomplete and imprecise. As such, the court is entrusted with the responsibility of interpreting documents fairly and broadly without being fault-finding. At the same time, it is not for the court to write contract for

Jared Diamond On Advantages Of Being Agricultural People Essay

Jared Diamond On Advantages Of Being Agricultural People - Essay Example Domesticating animals follows when a civilization applies agriculture because it helps in plowing hard soil. Farm animals are also a good source of edible meat, milk and eggs. An acre of land can therefore feed more herders and farmers as much as 10 to 100 times as what the hunter gatherers can gather in a same sized area. In ancient times, these meant more surviving people and thus a military advantage that agricultural tribes had. Another advantage of agriculture is that it enables agricultural people to have higher birthrate than the hunter-gatherers. Mothers of hunter-gatherers society are capable of carrying only one child at a time. And so, mothers of these societies need to lengthen the time of the next birth of a child until the infant is able to walk. Agricultural people on the other hand need to stay close to their farms. They are not burdened with the problems of constant traveling and so are able to have as much children as they want. Higher birthrate and the ability to produce food enable agricultural people to have higher population densities than the hunter-gatherers. A settled existence for the agricultural people enables them to develop a skill for storing food. Unlike the hunter-gatherers, food lasts for a short time because they are not able to protect them if they are to store them at some place.

Strategic Imperative of Marketing Management Essay Example for Free

Strategic Imperative of Marketing Management Essay Discuss the strategic imperative of marketing management to the success of business organizations. In my opinion, the marketing strategy that the management department from a company or organization develops is a central role or one of the most important strategies that companies have to analyze in order to be successful on the product or service that they are promoting. As stated on the Marketing Management book by Philip Kotler and Kevin Keller; â€Å"Successful marketing requires companies to have capabilities such as understanding customer value, creating customer value, delivering customer value, capturing customer value, and sustaining customer value. † The strategic imperative of marketing may be exposed using a basic study which is called the SWOT analysis; it focuses on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to the business. The strengths of the business relates to the product and consumer perception. The weaknesses analysis is just as critical for the long-term success. The opportunities come up from favorable conditions, including social and cultural advantages. And the threats come up from factors such as changes in the economy and the presence of new, powerful competitors. The relationship between a company and its customers is one of the main key factors to develop, maintain and or change if necessary a marketing strategy. Business success requires a steady commitment to the customer. This commitment includes a mindset of understanding the customers world. Understanding the customer’s wants and needs provides the business with a greater opportunity to earn loyal customers, and toward what you can do to improve the life of your customers. Ready access, increased knowledge and rapid speed of decision-making are the drivers for customer wants and decisions. If organizations fail to keep up with the speed of customer decision-making and fail to adapt quickly to changes the businesses will loss. Other factors to be successful might be considered when developing the marketing strategy. Such as: product awareness and branding. Without product awareness, consumers wont know about its availability and lack of branding will result in consumers quickly forgetting about the product and its significance on their lives.

Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim’s Point and A

Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s â€Å"The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim’s Point" and "A Castaway" In the early Victorian period, a number of poems were composed which served to highlight a specific troubled spot in society. The poets often wrote for human rights groups and the like in order to convey a message to those members of society who could make a difference, namely, the educated white men. Among these poems is Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s â€Å"The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim’s Point.† This piece deals with a female slave who has killed her newborn son and fled to Pilgrim’s Point, where she speaks of her feelings leading up to the present moment. Another poem, which can be placed in comparison to Browning’s, is Augusta Webster’s â€Å"A Castaway,† a dramatic monologue of a prostitute who struggles to justify her lifestyle both to herself and to her reader. In each of these works, the female speaker has acted in a morally questionable manner that initially appears condemnable. However, the issue is not clearly defined; many q uestions arise as to the motives behind and the circumstances surrounding each woman’s behavior. Do the choices made assert the freedom of each woman? That is to say, is the woman to be held entirely accountable for her actions based on the idea that she has freely chosen to carry them out? Upon careful reading of the two poems in question, the answer becomes much clearer. The choices made by the castaway and the runaway slave are in reality not the uninhibited decisions they at first appear. Restricted on all sides by their respective society’s powerful men, each woman faces very limited options. In each of the poems, the idea of choice (and subsequently, the question of its validity) emerges in the areas of materna... ...both â€Å"The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim’s Point† and â€Å"A Castaway,† the women make choices based on only a few limited options, which can be seen in their approaches to maternity, God, and freedom. Generally speaking, each woman is held accountable for her actions, but the issues have actually stemmed from larger scale problems. Even the castaway, a white woman, has no real freedom in deciding how to live her life. She chooses prostitution out of a need to support herself while still maintaining individuality. As for the runaway slave, she has run away seeking freedom, but finds none and will be killed for her insolence. Many of the factors leading to each woman’s decisions are based on the outside influences of her world. Therefore, neither woman can be entirely blamed for the bad choices she has made; she could not choose better because a better choice does not exist.

Study On The Industrial Abandoned Lands Architecture Essay

Industrial abandoned lands, ruins, eyesores, nothingnesss, derelict, urban comeuppances, dead zones, soundless infinites, landscapes of disdain, and knee bends are merely a few of the words that have been used to calculate out the fragments of transmutation within our urban infinites. They are footings that refer to infinites such as post-industrial landscapes, abandoned environments, and empty infinites in the peripheral parts of a metropolis. Linked to the procedures of decay, the footings besides refer to the â€Å" cultural information and societal † of our metropolis infinites, their â€Å" loss and ruin. † By virtuousness of their disregard, catastrophic province, and fringy topographic point in the urban landscape, recent architectural and urban planning discourse has defined these infinites as â€Å" contingent, † â€Å" interstitial, † and â€Å" infinites of indefiniteness. † Throughout the 2nd half of the 20th century, many metropoliss ha ve witnessed the fresh of important industrial landscapes and their eventual forsaking. Urban societies, cultural and architectural history, these landscapes of indefiniteness remain a portion of the urban palimpsest. Using the metaphor of â€Å" metropolis as palimpsest † and widening the impression of undetermined infinites. It is explored the nature of modern-day metropolis phenomena in relation to the transmutation of abandoned urban infinites. Since the autumn of the Nazi ‘s colonisation, Oswiecim has struggled with utilizing former mills. Under Communist force, the metropolis ‘s chief employer, who a chemical worker, failed to develop continue with modern engineering, and since 1989 over 10,000 work topographic points have been lost at the works. With apparently no other pick to cultivating a silvertip tourer trade, Oswiecim is happening its past progressively hard to get away. In other words, Oswiecim is urban decay metropolis – falls into unrecoverable and aged, with falling population or altering population, economic restructuring, abandoned edifices, high local unemployment, detached households, and inhospitable metropolis landscape – where whole metropolis country as fragments which is contained metropolis memories and infinite qualities. †¦ injury and discontinuity are cardinal for memory and history, ruins have come to be necessary for associating creativeness to the experience of loss at the person and corporate degree. Ruins operate as powerful metaphors for absence or rejection, and therefore, as inducements for contemplation or Restoration. [ 3 ]DecayIndustrial ruins are an intersection of the seeable and the unseeable, for the people who managed them, worked in them, and inhabited them are non at that place. And yet their absence manifests itself as a presence through the scintillas and soundless things that remain, in the objects we half acknowledge or environ with imaginings. In ruins we can place that which appeared to be non at that place, a host of marks and hints which let us cognize that a haunting is taking topographic point. The shades of ruins do non crawl out of fly-by-night topographic points unheralded, as they do in extremely regulated urban infinites, but are abundant in the marks which haun t the present in such a manner as to all of a sudden inspire the yesteryear. Rather than being exorcised through renovation, these shades are able to stalk us because they are portion of an unfinished disposal of infinites and affair, identified as rubbish but non yet cleared. Such things all of a sudden become alive, when the over and done with comes alive the things you partially recognize or have heard about provoke familiar feelings, an inventive and empathic recouping of the characters, signifiers of communicating, and activities of mill infinite. In these haunted fringes, shades seldom provoke memories of the epochal and the iconic but recollect the everyday transition of mundane factory life. The yesteryear is n't dead. It is n't even past. [ 4 ] The decay resides at the conceptual intersection of the single parts of the analogy that zone created by the superimposition and superposition of basically semitransparent entities. The active visible radiation of reading radiances through these beds, as it were, lighting important forms and figures. Meaning actively happens here ; it is constructed as images overlap each other, alining themselves momently, and so switching somewhat, promoting reevaluation and reinterpretation. As a superimposed figure of deepness in architecture, complexness occurs in both program and subdivision. As a site, the zone of significance in the analogical system is frequently equivocal. Yet, besides as a site, this country has boundaries or, instead, a set – mostly unquantifiable – of all available significances, which is different than a unbounded field of all-inclusiveness or unregulated readings.Trace and Time Layers with Derrida ‘s TheoryThe resonance of a knock on a door uncovers its denseness. The tactile of a wall describes its materiality. The texture of a floor may ask for us to sit or put down. The smoothness of a bannister comforts our acclivity. Human tegument is a powerful stuff that enables us to comprehend and understand our milieus. Skin is extremely expressive ; based on its colour, texture, wear and malleability we can read it, garnering information refering civilization, cultural background, age, maltreatment, wellness and the undertakings it performs on specific organic structure parts. Skin itself reads as it is clear. Our tegument can garner informations through haptic perceptual experience and read our spacial milieus. Architecture is an expressive act and the lone subject that stimulates all of our senses. An designer designs infinites that foresee and observe the bodily interaction of the dweller. Harmonizing to Derrida, phenomenology is metaphysics of presence because it inadvertently relies upon the impression of an indivisible self-presence, or in the instance of Husserl, the possibility of an exact internal adequateness with oneself. In assorted texts, Derrida contests this valorisation of an undivided subjectiveness, every bit good as the primacy that such a place agreements to the ‘now ‘ , or to some other sort of temporal immediateness. For case, in Speech and Phenomena, Derrida argues that if a ‘now ‘ minute is conceived of as wash uping itself in that experience, it could non really be experienced, for there would be nil to juxtapose itself against in order to light that really ‘now ‘ . Alternatively, Derrida wants to uncover that every alleged ‘present ‘ , or ‘now ‘ point, is ever already compromised by a hint, or a residue of a old experience, that precludes us of all time being in a self-contained ‘n ow ‘ minute.MemoryWhenever I distrust my memory, writes Freud in a note of 1925. I can fall back to write and paper. Pater so becomes an external portion of my memory and retains something which I would otherwise transport about with me invisibly. When I write on a sheet of paper, I am certain that I have an digesting ‘remembrance ‘ , safe from the ‘possible deformations to which it might hold been subjected in my existent memory. The disadvantage is that I can non undo my note when it is no longer needed and that the page becomes full. The composing surface is used up. Memory-autobiographical and corporate, each built-in to the other-exists as the foundation upon which significance is built. Memory affords our connexion to the universe. Every facet of experience becomes enveloped in the procedure of memory. It forms our individuality as persons and it coheres persons together to organize the individuality of societal groups. Memory is besides the yarn which links the lived-in now with the yesteryear and the hereafter: what I remember of my past contributes to who I am now ( at this really minute ) and in many ways affects what I will make in the hereafter. Without memory, intending edifice can non go on. [ 5 ] Memory of architecture, hence, seems to depend more on our ability to comprehend the corporal state of affairs. Furthermore those state of affairss are capable to peculiar catalytic minutes in time-those cases in which the energies of both the container and the contained become virtually identical. The timing of those minutes is uneven, poetic, and anisotropic. It would be impossible for the constitutional elements of a topographic point memory to prolong a changeless equilibrium or frequence of resonance in clip. It needs to be emphasised that retrieving is a thoroughly societal and political procedure, a kingdom of controversy and contention. The yesteryear is â€Å" invariably selected, filtered and restructured in footings set by the inquiries and necessities of the present † . Memories are selected and interpreted on the footing of culturally located cognition and this is farther â€Å" constituted and stabilised within a web of societal relationships † , consolida ted in the `common sense ‘ of the mundane. Although patterns of scratching memory on infinite are tremendously varied, there are undoubtedly inclinations to repair important significances about the yesteryear through an ensemble of patterns and engineerings which centre upon the production of specific infinites, here identified as monumental `memory-scapes ‘ , heritage territories, and museums. It is within the contingent infinites of the metropolis where passing gestures resonate, pulling our attending to the residue of the yesteryear, luring us to rediscover their temporal value. And for me at least, ruins, like palimpsests, are hints by which we discover our urban history, and the psyche of a infinite. As all historical narrations are subjectively woven Tapestries of pieced historical facts and events, new Histories frequently reveal striking disagreements in the additive conventions of antecedently inscribed histories. The purpose here is to patch together incompatible theoretical impressions, to bring forth an archeological probe, which is consistent with the theoretical and ideological attack of Aldo Rossi. The most redolent plants of Aldo Rossi are model of the procedure of constructing significance as we engage memory in our mundane experiences, believing analogically and understanding the universe tacitly by making and doing. Whether stated explicitly or non, Rossi must hold sensed the necessity to anneal his early polemics about a theory of design with a committedness to architecture of intense poesy, of non-quantifiable prowess, and an architecture conscious of its autobiographical significance. Underliing the positivist inclinations of Rossi ‘s theoretical ork is a profoundly felt fear for the power of memory, both his ain every bit good as the corporate memory of a peculiar civilization or society that is embodied in cardinal architectural types. And the force of memory permeates his full work to such an extent that it is about pathological, or cultish, or verging on nostalgia, to state the least. For Rossi, the procedure of memory analogically suggests the development and morphology of the physical signifier of the metropolis ; and a formal linguistic communication based on a typology of architecture ; and, as a affair of necessity, the repetitive, obsessional, and dynamic nature of his ain originative pattern. However, Rossi ‘s poetic was non every bit self-involved as it may seem-or, at least, it was non finally meant to turn in on itself in the creative activity of a restrictive, self-indulgent revery. He expected his compulsion with memory to interpret into his edifices in such a manner that it would inspire architecture with a new autonomy, a freedom of experience and significance similar to so many of those edifices he had discovered and cited in his early treatise, The Architecture of the City: the Palazzo della Ragione in Padua, the Roman amphitheater-turned-market square in Lucca, the bantam fishing huts along the Po River valley-buildings that, while exposing features of specific types, transcended the plan of those types by suiting a ltering activities and utilizations. By analogically associating the heterotaxy of architectural types with the procedure of memory, Rossi was favoring intending edifice with his architecture as an built-in portion of the reinforced environment, particularly as it governed the development of metropoliss. It is how Rossi engaged the profound memories of his yesteryear. It is how he anticipated people would populate with and within his edifices, seeing in those signifiers their ain memories of an architectural yesteryear, promoting them to reactivate those connexions, those relationships in his edifices. â€Å" The outgrowth of dealingss among things, more than the things themselves, ever gives rise to new significances, † wrote Rossi. Possibly, like this: Confront the reinforced form-it reminds you of other edifices and other experiences you have had before-this new edifice feels familiar and established in your apprehension of â€Å" the given † -yet, you experience this edifice as something different, it ‘s significance has changed from what you thought it should be because of the alteration in how you use the architecture- † the given † is expanded, enriched with new significance†¦ significance edifice. It is how Rossi â€Å" practiced † architecture-by working analogically from drawings to edifices to Hagiographas, detecting relationships, researching the infinite where significance happens, in between those things which can be explicitly articulated, obviously expressed.Sampling‘to make music, people need sounds and when people ca n't do them yourself you find them someplace else: in visual aspect there is nil more simple ‘ . ‘The sampling station is an electronic memory that is virtually infinite, which enables sounds to be stored, from a individual note to a symphonic music. This fund constitutes a kind of personal library, where plants are reduced to an anthology of chosen pieces drawn flora the huge reservoir of musical civilization. The work ceases to work as a ‘closed musical composition ‘ or a tune and becomes a amount of harmoniousnesss and pre bing sounds. The sampling station is therefore the Centre of sound memory, a Centre where all metabolisms are possible. It is an abstr act topographic point where all the sounds of the universe are classified and subjected to alterations. This tool simplifies the work of the DJ, who so needs merely to physically pull strings the vinyl records in order to modify sounds, decelerating them down, falsifying them or go throughing them into a cringle. These uses are necessary to the building of a lasting beat by the commixture of short interruptions. The re-appropriation of cognition has ever been pre sent in human activity, in different signifiers, but the coming of the sampling station has upset the pre bing metaphysical relationship between creative activity and memory. Indeed, by dependably recovering recorded pieces ready to be recombined, the memory no longer works as a accelerator. The combined consequence of the hibernating memory/recall binomial implements internal re-composition, a metamorphosis that plays on memory by default. But the sampling station, on the contrary, pushes the procedure of fiction to the su rface, turning it into a witting act, like montage, therefore associating it to an aesthetic of superposition, potpourri and merger.MentionsLeatherbarrow. D, Mostafavi. M, Surface ArchitectureSkin+Bones ; Parallel Practieces in Fashion and Architecture, Thames & A ; Hudson, London, 2007McLuhan. M, Understanding Media ; The Extensions of Man, 2002Bru E, New Territories New Landscapes, ACTAR, 1997Herausgeber, Atlas of Shrinking Cities, HATJE CANTZ, 2004Juhani. P, The eyes of the tegument ; architecture and the senses, London: Academy Editions,1996Morphosis, Architecture and Urbanism, A+U, 1994This quotation mark was taken from Walter Benjamin ‘s â€Å" Paris: Capital of the Nineteenth Century, † cited in Sexuality and Space, erectile dysfunction. Beatrize Colomina ( New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1992 ) 74.Matthew Goulash, 39 Micro Lectures in Proximity of Performance ( London and New York: Routledge, 2000 ) 190.Salvator Settis, frontward, Irresistable Decay: Ru ins Reclaimed, by Michael S. Roth ( Los Angeles, CA: The Getty Research Institute for the History of Art and the Humanities, 1997 ) seven.William Faulknerdoing intending out of the memory of architecture

Vannah

Two hundred and six years ago, high officials of two nations deliberately turned 5,000 square miles of Southwest Louisiana into a safe refuge for violent criminals who flocked to it from all over the young nation. This is how it happened. In 1803, the united States had paid France $15 million to abandon its claim to 828,00 square miles of land in the brand-new America. It was called the Louisiana purchase, but we TLD actually buy the land. America and France both claimed the land, and e paid France SSL 5 million to abandon its claim, leaving us as sole owners of the land.When the Louisiana Purchase was announced, Spain protested, saying France had no right to include a 5,000-square-mile strip of land in what is now Southwest Louisiana in the Louisiana Purchase. Spain said the land had been found by Spanish explorers and claimed for Spain. We argued that the Louisiana Purchase was history and we wouldn't try to change It. Spain said It wanted its land. The argument got hotter. When bo th sides hinted they might use military force to support their claims, lore but not wiser heads stepped in.The cool heads suggested that the disputed land be set aside and belong to nobody until ownership was decided by peaceful negotiation. Both America and Spain liked the idea. Thus was born the Neutral Strip. The disputed land being put aside was bound on the West by the Sabine River in East Texas. It was bound on the East by El Arroyo, the Spanish name for what is now the Calcifies River. It was bound on the South by the Gulf of Mexico, and on the North by the 32nd parallel, which was near Southeast in Red River Parish.The Neutral Strip included all or portions of the present Louisiana parishes of De Sotto, Sabine, Nuthatches, Vernon, Rapider, Beauregard, Allen, Calcifies,Jefferson Davis and Cameron. The rules or the Neutral Strip were simple: I For whatever time it took to peacefully negotiate ownership, the disputed land would belong to nobody. I Nobody would be allowed to liv e on the disputed land, which would also be off-alms or anyone In the military or law enforcement. I Since the Neutral strip would have no Inhabitants, there was no need for laws, ordinances, ales or regulations.The Neutral Strip opened in 1806, and the response was immediate. The strip became known as No Man's Land, and it seemed that every criminal in our young nation heard of it and moved into No Man's Land. Squatters took over land uninvited. It seemed that anybody who asked got grants from Spain for small tracts of land. Runaway slaves sought refuge there. Convicts who escaped from prison disappeared Into No Man's Land. So did military deserters , criminals sought for smuggling contraband goods, murderers, robbers, counterfeiters and rapists.Bands left No Man's Land to rob trade caravans, then disappeared again in No Man's Land. Other bands left long enough to rob homes and businesses before returning and melting into the lawless crowds in No Man's Land. Even joint military uni ts hesitated before entering No Man's Land. Two raids, in 1812 and 1816, netted few arrests and caused little Interruption of criminal activities. Inside the strip, there Land kept loaded guns in their houses. A curious mind-set developed that was copied years later by lawmen in some cities.The feeling was that having the worst elements of society gathered into one area created more safety in other parts of the city or parish. The same mind-set that led to red light districts and allowed criminals to congregate in specific areas of a city or parish. There were several roads across the 50-mile width of the strip that retained the Spanish names of Camino Real (Royal Road) which became routes of terror for traders. Some traders skirted No Mans' Land to the South by using schooners to carry goods to Galveston and other Texas ports for distribution.To the North, traders skirted No Man's Land by going through upper Red River Parish. After 13 years of crime and violence in No Man's Land, r elief came from an unexpected source. The Adams-Ions Treaty of 1819, known as the Transcontinental Treaty, was a pact between the United States and Spain. It was mainly directed at Florida. Under the agreement, we paid Spain $5 million and Spain withdrew its claim on Florida. In what was considered a lesser clause in the Transcontinental Treaty, Spain also gave up its claim on any land in Louisiana. With that silent stroke, No Man's Land died.

hiv affected parents Essays

hiv affected parents Essays hiv affected parents Essay hiv affected parents Essay Lapriah Morrison soc 482 Dr. Donna Cole December 4, 2013 HIV-lnfected Parents and Their Children in the United States HIV has an insightful influence not only on the people it infects, but also on their families. Children who are dependent on their parents are particularly vulnerable. Because of the effects of HIV disease and the social conditions that are often associated with it, parents living with HIV may have limited financial, social, and emotional resources to draw upon in raising their children. Additionally, if parents become incapacitated or die, others need to take over the role of caring for the children. Children and families of people with HIV may depend on public and charitable resources that cover such services as income supplementation, health care, child care, housing, bereavement support, foster care, and adoption. These services are not always available, and the dishonor associated with HIV can complicate access to such services. To address the needs of children and families affected by HIV, they needed to know the extent and importance of the problem. Analysis Nationally representative data have not previously been available to describe this population, although the percentage of HIV infected adults with hildren has been reported for regional and convenience samples. 10-12 studies have estimated the number of children with vertically acquired infection and the percentage of childbearing women who are HIV infected. 4-16 several researchers have used modeling techniques to estimate the number of children in the United States who have lost or will lose their mothers because of HIV. These studies have drawn attention to the fact that HIV affects more than Just those who are infected. To gain a better understanding of parenthood and family responsibilities among HIV nfected adults in the United States, they used data from a national probability sample of men and women who are receiving health care for HIV to dete rmine who had children the ages of the children, and with who the children lived with. Methods The HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study used multistage national probability sampling to select a random sample of adults with known HIV infection who had at least one visit for health care at a facility other than a military, prison, or emergency department facility during a two month population definition period in 1996. They also sampled geographical areas, medical providers, and then patients. In the first stage of sampling, they sampled metropolitan statistical areas with the largest AIDS caseloads, along with an additional 20 metropolitan statistical areas and 24 clusters of rural counties. In the second stage of sampling, they sampled 58 urban and 28 rural known providers from list of all providers known by local informants to sampled 87 urban and 23 rural other providers who had affirmed caring for HIV patients in a screening survey of approximately 4000 physicians randomly selected rom the physician master file maintained by the American Medical Association. In the third stage of sampling, they sampled patients from anonymous lists of all eligible patients who had visited participating providers during the population definition period. Women and members of staff model health maintenance organizations were oversampled. Data collection began in January 1996 and ended 15 months later. Their overall rates were 68% for full interviews and 87% for people with abbreviated interviews or information supplied by others. In total they gained 2864 full interviews. Living Arrangements for Children Fifty-two percent of children lived with the respondent, and 28% lived with their other parent, for a total of 80% living with at least one parent. The remaining children lived with their grandmother (9% of all children), with another relative (5%), with an unrelated foster or adoptive parent (4%), or in another situation. Living situation varied a lot by the sex of the respondent. Sixty-nine percent of children of a female respondent lived with the respondent and 6% lived elsewhere with their father, whereas 32% of children of a male respondent lived with the respondent and 53% ived elsewhere with their mother. There was no significant decrease in the proportion of children who lived with their parent. Infected Adults Living With Their Children HIV- Women were much more likely than men to be living with their children: 76% of women with children (and 45% of all women) and 34% of men with children (and 6% of all men) lived with at least 1 child. Among women and men living with children, 15% and 21%, respectively, had at least 1 child living elsewhere. The possibility that a respondent lived with his or her children varied by household income for women and en and by the respondents level of education. Percentages of Children Younger Than 18 Years in Various Living Arrangements, by Sex of Respondent: HIV Cost and Services utilization study, 1996-1997 Living Arrangement Female Male Respondent parent 69 32 Other parent 6 53 Grandmother 10 8 Another relative 3 Unrelated adoptive/foster parent 2 Other Health of and Available Support for Parents Living With Children Many parents were at a fairly advanced stage of illness that could have been affecting their ability to take care of their child. Twenty-three percent of parents living with children eported that their lowest CD4 count was 50 to 199, and 22% reported less than 50. Sixty percent of parents living with their children had symptomatic HIV, and another 30% had AIDS. Many of the parents may have been too sick to tend to their childrens needs or may have had other conditions that interfered with their ability to take care of their children. For example, 21% of parents living with children had been hospitalized during the previous 6 months, including 10% who had been hospitalized for 7 or more days. 0% of parents who had been hospitalized during the previous 6 onths were also living with a spouse or partner. Eighteen percent of parents living with children had needed home health care in the previous 6 months; 45% had symptoms consistent with a psychiatric disorder; 10% showed evidence of probable past drug dependence; 5% had been heavy alcohol drinkers in the previous 4 weeks; and 10% had needed drug or alcohol treatme nt in the previous 6 months. Although many parents appeared to have resources available to draw upon, some parents lacked social networks that could pick up the slack if they were unable to take care of heir childrens needs, and some had limited financial resources. Twenty percent had no close friends, and 16% saw family members once a month or less. Twenty-five percent had no one to lend them money, and 16% had no one to help with chores. Thirteen percent had gone without needed health care at least once in the previous 6 months, because they needed the money for basic necessities such as food, clothing, and housing, and 8% had gone without basic necessities because they needed the money for health care. Some put off going to the doctor because they were too sick 19%), they were taking care of someone else (16%), or they did not have a way to get there (23%). Twenty percent had had to find a place to live in the previous 6 months. Sixty-seven percent were participating in 1 or more government supplemental income programs and 31% received Supplemental Security Income, 31% received Social Security Disability Insurance, and 39% received Aid to Families with Dependent had private insurance, and 17% had no health insurance. Conclusion In this sample of HIV-infected adults in care, we have shown that many throughout the country have children and some continue to conceive and have hildren after diagnosis. HIV-infected parents generally continue to live with their children even as their disease progresses. If there are any future plans of the epidemic they will need to consider the impact on parents of having responsibility for children and the impact on children of having parents with a chronic, stigmatizing, and potentially fatal condition. Parents may need support in meeting conflicting responsibilities of looking after their own health needs while also taking care of their children. 51 the children, as well having needs related to their parents HIV infection, ncluding financial assistance, emotional support, and supervision when the parent is incapacitated or dies. HIV-infected adults could also benefit from counseling and support when making decisions about having children. Unfortunately, even if transmission rates decrease many parents are already infected, and the disease will continue to have a large impact on families and on how society treats them. Reference Page 1 . Caldwell MB, Mascola L, Smith W, et al. Biologic, foster, and adoptive parents: care givers of children exposed perinatally to human immunodeficiency virus in the United States. Pediatrics. 199Z90:603-607. 2. Carten A], Fennoy I. African American families and HIV/AIDS: caring for surviving children. Child welfare. 3. Cohen FL, Nehring WM. Foster care of HIVpositive children in the United States. Public Health Rep. 4. Forsyth BW, Damour L, Nagler S, Adnopoz J. The psychological effects of parental human immunodeficiency virus infection on uninfected children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 5. Mark A. Schuster, MD, PhD, David E. Kanouse, PhD, Sally C. Morton, PhD, Samuel A. Bozzette, MD, PhD, Angela Miu, MS, Gwendolyn B. Scott, MD, and Martin F. Shapiro,

Siege of Fort Stanwix in the American Revolution

Siege of Fort Stanwix in the American Revolution Siege of Fort Stanwix - Conflict Dates: The Siege of Fort Stanwix was conducted from August 2 to 22, 1777, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Armies Commanders Americans Colonel Peter Gansevoort750 men at Fort StanwixMajor General Benedict Arnold700-1,000 men in relief force British Brigadier General Barry St. Leger1,550 men Siege of Fort Stanwix - Background: In early 1777, Major General John Burgoyne proposed a plan for defeating the American rebellion. Convinced that New England was the seat of the revolt, he proposed severing the region from the other colonies by advancing down the Lake Champlain-Hudson River corridor while a second force, led by Lieutenant Colonel Barry St. Leger, moved east from Lake Ontario and through the Mohawk Valley. Meeting at Albany, Burgoyne and St. Leger would advance down the Hudson, while General Sir William Howes army advanced north from New York City. Though approved by Colonial Secretary Lord George Germain, Howes role in the plan was never clearly defined and issues of his seniority precluded Burgoyne from issuing him orders. Siege of Fort Stanwix - St. Leger Prepares: Gathering near Montreal, St. Legers command was centered on the 8th and 34th Regiments of Foot, but also included forces of Loyalists and Hessians. To aid St. Leger in dealing with militia officers and the Native Americans, Burgoyne gave him a brevet promotion to brigadier general prior to embarking. Assessing his line of advance, St. Legers largest obstacle was Fort Stanwix located at the Oneida Carrying Place between Lake Oneida and the Mohawk River. Built during the French Indian War, it had fallen into disrepair and was believed to have a garrison of around sixty men. To deal with the fort, St. Leger brought along four light guns and four small mortars (Map). Siege of Fort Stanwix - Strengthening the Fort: In April 1777, General Philip Schuyler, commanding American forces on the northern frontier, became increasingly concerned about the threat of British and Native American attacks via the Mohawk River corridor. As a deterrent, he dispatched Colonel Peter Gansevoorts 3rd New York Regiment to Fort Stanwix. Arriving in May, Gansevoorts men began working to repair and enhance the forts defenses. Though they officially renamed the installation Fort Schuyler, its original name continued to be widely used. In early July, Gansevoort received word from friendly Oneidas that St. Leger was on the move. Concerned about his supply situation, he contacted Schuyler and requested additional ammunition and provisions. Siege of Fort Stanwix - The British Arrive: Advancing up the St. Lawrence River and onto Lake Ontario, St. Leger received word that Fort Stanwix had been reinforced and was garrisoned by around 600 men. Reaching Oswego on July 14, he worked with Indian Agent Daniel Claus and recruited around 800 Native American warriors led by Joseph Brant. These additions swelled his command to around 1,550 men. Moving west, St. Leger soon learned that the supplies Gansevoort had requested were nearing the fort. In an effort to intercept this convoy, he sent Brant ahead with around 230 men. Reaching Fort Stanwix on August 2, Brants men appeared just after elements of the 9th Massachusetts had arrived with the supplies. Remaining at Fort Stanwix, the Massachusetts troops swelled the garrison to around 750-800 men. Siege of Fort Stanwix - The Siege Begins: Assuming a position outside the fort, Brant was joined by St. Leger and the main body the next day. Though his artillery was still en route, the British commander demanded Fort Stanwixs surrender that afternoon. After this was refused by Gansevoort, St. Leger began siege operations with his regulars making camp to the north and the Native Americans and Loyalists to the south. During the first few days of the siege, the British struggled to bring their artillery up nearby Wood Creek which was blocked by trees felled by the Tryon County militia. On August 5, St. Leger was informed that an American relief column was moving towards the fort. This was largely composed of the Tryon County militia led by Brigadier General Nicholas Herkimer. Siege of Fort Stanwix - Battle of Oriskany: Responding to this new threat, St. Leger dispatched around 800 men, led by Sir John Johnson, to intercept Herkimer. This included the bulk of his European troops as well as some Native Americans. Setting an ambush near Oriskany Creek, he attacked the approaching Americans the next day. In the resulting Battle of Oriskany, both sides inflicted substantial losses on the other. Though the Americans were left holding the battlefield, they were unable to push on to Fort Stanwix. Though a British victory, it was tempered by the fact that Gansevoorts executive officer, Lieutenant Colonel Marinus Willett, led a sortie from the fort which attacked the British and Native American camps. In the course of the raid, Willetts men carried off many of the Native Americans possessions as well as captured many British documents including St. Legers plans for the campaign. Returning from Oriskany, many of the Native Americans were irate over the loss of their belongings and the casualties sustained in the fighting. Learning of Johnsons triumph, St. Leger again demanded the forts surrender but to no avail. On August 8, the British artillery finally deployed and began firing on Fort Stanwixs northern wall and northeastern bastion. Though this fire had little effect, St. Leger again requested that Gansevoort capitulate, this time threatening to turn loose the Native Americans to attack settlements in the Mohawk Valley. Responding, Willett stated, By your uniform you are British officers. Therefore let me tell you that the message you have brought is a degrading one for a British officer to send and by no means reputable for a British officer to carry. Siege of Fort Stanwix - Relief at Last: That evening, Gansevoort ordered Willett take a small party through the enemy lines to seek help. Moving through the marshes, Willett was able to escape east. Learning of the defeat at Oriskany, Schuyler resolved to send a new relief force from his army. Led by Major General Benedict Arnold, this column was composed of 700 regulars from the Continental Army. Moving west, Arnold encountered Willett before pressing on to Fort Dayton near German Flatts. Arriving on August 20, he wished to wait for additional reinforcements before proceeding. This plan was dashed when Arnold learned that St. Leger had begun entrenching in an effort to move his guns closer to Fort Stanwixs powder magazine. Unsure about proceeding without additional manpower, Arnold elected to use deception in an effort to disrupt the siege. Turning to Han Yost Schuyler, a captured Loyalist spy, Arnold offered the man his life in exchange for returning to St. Legers camp and spreading rumors about an impending attack by a large American force. To ensure Schuylers compliance, his brother was held as a hostage. Traveling to the siege lines at Fort Stanwix, Schuyler spread this tale among the already unhappy Native Americans. Word of Arnolds assault soon reached St. Leger who came to believe the American commander was advancing with 3,000 men. Holding a council of war on August 21, St. Leger found that part of his Native American contingent had already departed and that remainder was preparing to leave if he did not end the siege. Seeing little choice, the British leader broke off the siege the next day and began withdrawing back towards Lake Oneida. Siege of Fort Stanwix - Aftermath: Pressing forward, Arnolds column reached Fort Stanwix late on August 23. The next day, he ordered 500 men to pursue the retreating enemy. These reached the lake just as the last of St. Legers boats were departing. After securing the area, Arnold withdrew to rejoin Schuylers main army. Retreating back to Lake Ontario, St. Leger and his men were taunted by their erstwhile Native American allies. Seeking to rejoin Burgoyne, St. Leger and his men traveled back up the St. Lawrence and down Lake Champlain before arriving at Fort Ticonderoga in late September. While the casualties during the actual Siege of Fort Stanwix were light, the strategic consequences proved substantial. The defeat of St. Leger prevented his force from uniting with Burgoyne and disrupted the larger British plan. Continuing to push down the Hudson Valley, Burgoyne was halted and decisively defeated by American troops at the Battle of Saratoga. The turning point of the war, the triumph led to the critical Treaty of Alliance with France. Selected Sources National Park Service: Fort Stanwix National MonumentNew York State Military Museum: Fort Stanwix Revolutionary War: Siege of Fort Stanwix

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 41

Essay Example The rate at which Digital networks is transforming workplace is incredible. The networked business entities have created a virtual business environment where by employees can now work from home. Work groups are distributed around the entire globe in almost all the fields of works. Their convergence is achieved through hosting meetings over the internet through videos and audios, regardless of their location (Davenport, 2005 p.56). The advancement of these efforts has enabled them to share thoughts, goals and common interests of their respective fields of professions. This virtual environment has proven to be a positive impact to businesses since it enhances flexibility of work and duties. Organizations must shun the old and outdated models which they usually engaged in. The tendency of employees converging at the central place of work is boring since a few numbers of employees can keep up with that model today (Regan & Oconnor, 2002 p.8). Proper organization structure, resource management and staffing are the key strategies for the success of any business of the company need to be motivated to make them enjoy their duties which enhances productivity of the organization. Adoption of Information Communication Technology in businesses fosters overwhelming business relationships. The relationship among the customers, the employee and the business shareholders have to be strong. The time factor at which the customer receives his /her services is also paramount since if acts as a motivation factor to attract more customers. A good technological system ensures all these necessities are taken into account (Regan & Oconnor, 2002 p.12). In a networked business setup, workers can access all the information they need from the powerful PCs of the company. The presence of Wide web’s opens up the enterprises to the world thus creating more opportunities on their services. Business inventions are also important aspects for its