Philosopher Hypatia of Ancient Alexandria

Known for: Greek intellectual and teacher in Alexandria, Egypt, known for mathematics and philosophy, martyred by Christian mob Dates: born about 350 to 370, died 416 Alternate spelling: Ipazia About Hypatia Hypatia was the daughter of Theon of Alexandria who was a teacher of mathematics with the Museum of Alexandria in Egypt. A center of Greek intellectual and cultural life, the Museum included many independent schools and the great library of Alexandria. Hypatia studied with her father, and with many others including Plutarch the Younger. She herself taught at the Neoplatonist school of philosophy. She became the salaried director of this school in 400. She probably wrote on mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy, including about the motions of the planets, about number theory and about conic sections. Accomplishments Hypatia, according to sources, corresponded with and hosted scholars from other cities. Synesius, Bishop of Ptolemais, was one of her correspondents and he visited her frequently. Hypatia was a popular lecturer, drawing students from many parts of the empire. From the little historical information about Hypatia that survives, it is surmised by some that she invented the plane astrolabe, the graduated brass hydrometer, and the hydroscope, with Synesius of Greece, who was her student and later colleague.  The evidence may also point to simply being able to construct those instruments. Hypatia is said to have dressed in the clothing of a scholar or teacher, rather than in womens clothing. She moved about freely, driving her own chariot, contrary to the norm for womens public behavior. She was credited by the surviving sources as having political influence in the city, especially with Orestes, the Roman governor of Alexandria. Hypatias Death The story by Socrates Scholasticus written soon after Hypatias death and the version written by John of Nikiu of Egypt more than 200 years later disagree in considerable detail, although both were written by Christians.  Both seem to be focused on justifying the expulsion of the Jews by Cyril, the Christian bishop, and on associating Orestes with Hypatia. In both, Hypatias death was a result of a conflict between the Orestes and Cyril, later made a saint of the church. According to Scholasticus, an order of Orestes to control Jewish celebrations met with approval by Christians, then to violence between the Christians and the Jews. The Christian-told stories make it clear that they blame the Jews for the mass killing of Christians, leading to the banishment of the Jews of Alexandria by Cyril.  Cyril accused Orestes of being a pagan, and a large group of monks who came to fight with Cyril attacked Orestes. A monk who injured Orestes was arrested and tortured.  John of Nikiu accuses Orestes of inflaming the Jews against the Christians, also telling a story of the mass killing of Christians by Jews, followed by Cyril purging the Jews from Alexandria and converting the synagogues to churches.  Johns version leaves out the part about a large group of monks coming to town and joining the Christian forces against the Jews and Orestes. Hypatia enters the story as someone associated with Orestes and suspected by the angry Christians of advising Orestes not to reconcile with Cyril.  In John of Nikius account, Orestes was causing people to leave the church and follow Hypatia.  He  associated her with Satan and accused her of converting people away from Christianity. Scholasticus credits Cyrils preaching against Hypatia with inciting a mob led by fanatical Christian monks to attack Hypatia as she drove her chariot through Alexandria. They dragged her from her chariot, stripped her, killed her, stripped her flesh from her bones, scattered her body parts through the streets, and burned some remaining parts of her body in the library of Caesareum.  Johns version of her death is also that a mob -- for him justified because she beguiled the people of the city and the prefect through her enchantments -- stripped her naked and dragged her through the city until she died. Legacy of Hypatia Hypatias students fled to Athens, where the study of mathematics flourished after that. The Neoplatonic school she headed continued in Alexandria until the Arabs invaded in 642. When the library of Alexandria was burned, the works of Hypatia were destroyed.  That burning happened primarily in Roman times.  We know her writings today through the works of others who quoted her -- even if unfavorably -- and a few letters written to her by contemporaries. Books About Hypatia Dzielska, Maria.  Hypatia of Alexandria.  1995.Amore, Khan.  Hypatia.  2001. (a novel)Knorr, Wilbur Richard.  Textual Studies in Ancient and Medieval Geometry. 1989.Nietupski, Nancy. Hypatia: Mathematician, Astronomer, and Philosopher.  Alexandria  2.Kramer, Edna E. Hypatia.  The Dictionary of Scientific Biography.  Gillispie, Charles C. ed. 1970-1990.Mueller, Ian. Hypatia (370?-415).  Women of Mathematics. Louise S. Grinstein and Paul J. Campbell, ed. 1987.Alic, Margaret.  Hypatias Heritage: A History of Women in Science from Antiquity Through the Nineteenth Century.  1986. Hypatia appears as a character or theme in several works of other writers, including in  Hypatia, or New Foes with Old Faces, a historical novel by Charles Kingley.

Sexuality And Its Effect On Children Essay - 1003 Words

Sexuality has always been a taboo topic of discussion in most societies. Whether it is talked about it casually among friends or for educational reasons, the subject of sex is bound to trigger some controversy. In contrast, with the exponential growth of technology, Internet, and social media, sexual images can be found with the click of a mouse. Here lies a great contradiction. If sex is so easily portrayed in media, why is so hard to talk about? Becoming educated about sexuality and achieving optimal sexual health and well-being should be lifelong developmental process that begins at an early age and continues throughout the lifespan. Although parents should be the initial educators for their children, children also absorb messages about sexuality from many of media sources. This can potentially leave a confusing and potentially negative perception about the expectations and reality of sex. To combat such misperceptions, school systems and other community-based associations are e ssential. Such programs should be utilized, along side parental advocacy, to provide ayoung people correct and developmentally appropriate comprehensive sex education. While it is imperative that parents need to be the primary sex educators for their children, some parents may lack the support or do not have accurate information to so. As a result, these parents need have the support and resources from health educators and professionals to be able to tackle such complex issues. It is soShow MoreRelatedSexuality And Its Effects On Children Essay1429 Words   |  6 PagesI want to know much more in this matter â€Å". Aditi is not the only child to have such questions about sexuality; the girls of her age do possess such inquisitive feelings. Only few get satisfactory replies to their question on this matter. 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Lear and the Fool Free Essays

1. How does William Shakespeare use changes in the Fool’s dialogue to mirror changes in Lear’s own perspective? Choose quotes from the sheet that support your argument. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Lear and the Fool or any similar topic only for you Order Now How does William Shakespeare use the Fool to reflect Lear’s own thoughts and fears? Use a quote from the sheet to support your argument. The Fool’s dialogue is like a mockery of King Lear – he speaks pure honesty of Lear but adds hints of comedy to balance out the rudeness implied. The Fool re-enacts King Lear’s life by acting out his choices and proves how much of an oblivious and naive fool King Lear was before. The Fool creates a figure – much like King Lear, to act out the foolish behaviour that Lear had behaved earlier such as giving his kingdom to his two daughters, Regan and Goneril because he had trusted them. Now that the true figure of his daughters have been revealed, showing their dishonesty and evil nature, King Lear is upset that he had held that much trust in them and the Fool is represented in there to show Lear’s failure as a King. The quote, ‘if thou wert my fool, nuncle, I’d have thee beaten for being old before thy time’ represents that now the Fool believes that King Lear is now the real fool. Why did William Shakespeare include mockery and obscene humour in such tragic play? Which part of the audience would appreciate this the most? Give examples from the quotes supplied. The mockery used by the Fool is to balance out the tragic honesty and brutality with comedy to ease and balance it out so that the play is not all tragedy. The audience that were the closest to the stage were given direct jokes from the Fool about the protagonist, this is usually done to the closest to the stage – which were usually the poor people since they would not be able to receive any seats higher. How to cite Lear and the Fool, Papers

NIKE Essay Example For Students

NIKE Essay Barber 1Table of ContentsIntroductionpage 2Historypage 2Total Revenues..page 3Gross Margin.page 3Net Incomepage 4Current Assetspage 4Current Liabilities.page 4Working Capital.pages 4 5Nikes Healthpage 5Common Stock Outstanding.page 5Nikes Sales Health..page 5Nikes Fiscal Yearpage 6Illustrations and Graphspages 7 12Works Citedpage 13Barber 2HistoryNike is probably the mot well known name in sports athletic apparel. Nike has supported the most prolific names n sports. Michael Jordan, Tiger Woods, and Ken Griffey Jr. are just a few of the athletes that Nike sponsors. The companys revenue constantly grosses in the billions. The company continues to dominate the athletic apparel industry. Nike was established in 1957 by a coach and an athlete. The two went on to establish the most successful footwear company in the world. Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight are the two founders. From 1961 to 1971, Knight joined with a Japanese company named Tiger. He thought that the company would end Germanys domination over the footwear industry. When he met with the company, they asked what company he represented and Knight came up instantly with the name Blue Ribbon Sports. The company would later become Nike. Blue Ribbons revenue continued to rise and in 1971, a student names Carolyn Davidson designed the Nike Swoosh symbol for $35. In 1972, Blue Ribbon separated from Tiger and became Nike. The company arrived at the name from the Greek Goddess of victory, Nike. The 2700 employee company went public in 1980. From 1981 to 1991, Nike began to sponsor the top athletes in the world of sports. Nike pursued the likes of athletes such as Carl Lewis and Michael Jordan. Nike Company topped the 107 billion-dollar mark in 1986. The company established the Just Do It campaign in 1987. Nike continues to dominate the footwear category not only in the United States, but also in Canada, Japan, and Taiwan. Barber 3Financial Statement AnalyzationNikes financial history has fluctuated constantly in the past five years. In the years 1998 and 2001, Nikes revenues were at its highest ten year point. The price of Nikes common stock has gone down in the past five years. It was at its highest point in 1997 and next highest in 1999. RevenueThe Chicago Bulls had won their second National Basketball Association championship in 1997. Michael Jordan was the best basketball player at the time and everyone wanted to be like Mike. Jordan was under a contract with Nike for his Air Jordan sneakers. This was great for Nike, because it allowed the company to capitalize off of Jordans success. Nikes revenue for 1997 was $9,186.5 million. This was an increase of nearly 3 billion dollars from 1996. The Chicago Bulls had completed a three peat in 1998. Michael Jordan was still under a contract with Nike and the company was able to capitalize again with the revenue increasing by $400 million to $9, 553.1 million in 1998. In 1999, the price of Nikes common stock had risen but its total revenues had fallen nearly 1 billion dollars from the previous year to $8, 7769. Nikes revenues had increased to $8, 995.1 in 2000 and to $9, 488.8 in 2001. These numbers are for the fiscal year ended May 31. Gross MarginThe gross margin ratio is defined as gross margin (net sales minus cost of goods sold) divided by net sale. Nikes gross margin ratio was 40.1% in 1997. The highest it had been in a ten year period. The ratio had fallen to 36.5% in 1998. It began to Barber 4increase in 1999 to 37.4%. The gross margin ratio was 39.9% in 2000. Nearly as high as it was in 1997. The gross margin ratio had fallen only .9% in 2001 to 39.0%. .u399079ff927c9e10ae8674541cc65a69 , .u399079ff927c9e10ae8674541cc65a69 .postImageUrl , .u399079ff927c9e10ae8674541cc65a69 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u399079ff927c9e10ae8674541cc65a69 , .u399079ff927c9e10ae8674541cc65a69:hover , .u399079ff927c9e10ae8674541cc65a69:visited , .u399079ff927c9e10ae8674541cc65a69:active { border:0!important; } .u399079ff927c9e10ae8674541cc65a69 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u399079ff927c9e10ae8674541cc65a69 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u399079ff927c9e10ae8674541cc65a69:active , .u399079ff927c9e10ae8674541cc65a69:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u399079ff927c9e10ae8674541cc65a69 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u399079ff927c9e10ae8674541cc65a69 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u399079ff927c9e10ae8674541cc65a69 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u399079ff927c9e10ae8674541cc65a69 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u399079ff927c9e10ae8674541cc65a69:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u399079ff927c9e10ae8674541cc65a69 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u399079ff927c9e10ae8674541cc65a69 .u399079ff927c9e10ae8674541cc65a69-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u399079ff927c9e10ae8674541cc65a69:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Should the man or woman dominate the relationship? EssayNet Income1997 was a good year fro Nike. Nearly all of its financial numbers were at their highest ten year point. Nikes net income was $795.8 million in 1997. That was an increase of $242.6 million from 1996. There was a dramatic decrease in net income in 1998. Nikes net income was $399.6 million in 1998. In 1999, the net income increased $60 million to $451.4 million. The net income increased steadily in 2000 and 2001. The number increased from $579.1 million in 200 to $589.7 million in 2001. Current AssetsNikes current assets were at their highest ten year mark in 2000 and 2001. The total assets had increased nearly $600 million in 2000. The amount was $5, 856.9 million. The number had fallen somewhat in 2001 to $5, 819.6 million. Current LiabilitiesNike was having very good revenue numbers in 2000 and in 2001. The numbers that the company produced were good for stockholders and for the company. The total current liabilities for the company were relatively small. The liability count was $470.3 million in 2000 and had decreased to $435.9 in 2001. Working CapitalNikes working capital in 2000 had decreased nearly $400 million from the previous year. The working capital in 2000 was $1, 456.4 million. In 2001, the working Barber 5capital had increased nearly $400 million. This number was greater than the amount in 1999. The working capital was $1, 838.6 million in 2001. Nikes HealthNike is constantly going to be a leader in the athletic apparel department. The company continues to have the most attractive advertising and it also continues to attract the best athletic clientele in all aspects of sports. Nike is still considered to be the top company in the footwear competition. The companys numbers are constantly increasing. The price of the stock may fall, but the liabilities and total income continues to rise. This is a reason that Nike is still considered to be one of the healthiest companies in the athletic business. Average Common StockNikes outstanding shares of common stock was at 288.4 million in 1997. This was an increase of .8% from 1996. The companys outstanding shares in 1998 were at 288.7 million. The number began to decrease steadily each year after that due to the company being heavily traded on the stock market. The number was 283.3 in 1999. It was at 279.4 in 2000. The number had decreased by 6.1 to 273.3 in 20001. Nikes 2001 Sales HealthNikes sales were very appealing in 2001 when compared to 2000; the company increased its numbers a great amount in almost all categories. Its revenues were better than the previous years and there was also a higher return on equity. 2001 was a good year for Nike Company. The numbers were very similar to that of 1997 when Nike could have been said to be at its peak. Barber 6Nikes Fiscal Year and ConclusionNike Companys fiscal year end at May 31 each year. Looking at Nikes financial numbers shows that the company is not only a top choice in the general publics eye, but also to many investors. Nike is a company that an investor would find very attractive. It is a company that has high revenue numbers each year and is established. When thinking about what to do about a Nike stock, Just Do IT. Barber 13Works Cited1.A Coach and an Athlete.www.Yahoo.com2.1997 History. www.Nike.com3.1998 History. www.Nike.com4.1999 History. www.Nike.com5.2000 History. www.Nike.com6.2001 History. www.Nike.com7. Nikes Eleven Year Financial History. www.Nike.com